What is MQTT?

 Developed in 1999 by IBM, MQTT was initially intended for remote monitoring of oil pipelines, where low bandwidth and high latency made traditional communication protocols impractical. Today, it is widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT), smart home systems, industrial automation, and real-time data monitoring.

At its core, MQTT is a publish-subscribe messaging  mqtt protocol. Unlike traditional client-server protocols where a client directly requests data from a server, MQTT uses a broker to manage communication. Devices or applications, called clients, can either publish messages to a topic or subscribe to a topic to receive updates. This architecture decouples data producers from consumers, making MQTT highly scalable and efficient for systems with many devices.

One of the key advantages of MQTT is its lightweight nature. The protocol minimizes overhead by using a small header—just 2 bytes for standard messages—which reduces bandwidth usage. This makes it ideal for low-power devices and networks with limited connectivity. Additionally, MQTT supports three quality-of-service (QoS) levels:

QoS 0 – “At most once” delivery, where messages may be lost but are sent without retries.

QoS 1 – “At least once” delivery, ensuring messages are delivered but possibly more than once.

QoS 2 – “Exactly once” delivery, guaranteeing that each message reaches its destination only once, suitable for critical applications.

Another important feature is persistent sessions, which allow clients to disconnect and reconnect without losing messages. Combined with last will and testament functionality, which notifies subscribers if a client unexpectedly disconnects, MQTT provides reliability for real-time systems.

MQTT is platform-independent and can run over TCP/IP, WebSockets, or even encrypted connections like TLS, making it flexible for various network environments. Its simplicity and efficiency have led to widespread adoption in industries such as smart energy, home automation, healthcare, and automotive systems, where devices need to exchange small amounts of data frequently and reliably.

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